Google HRM Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Google HRM - Term Paper Example The present paper presents Google as one of the most notable online organizations on the planet. Numerous web organizations appeared after the web air pocket of a decade ago of twentieth century. It is imperative to take note of that not every one of them were incredibly effective and many announced substantial misfortunes. Google was an exemption in the web business since it was effective in getting by as well as fruitful in developing into a goliath enterprise. The advancement the organization has made is colossal and it is one of the best web firms that are as yet standing tall today. The quick development of Google is chiefly a direct result of its inventive culture and initiative. The purposes for the achievement of Google are its administration style, authority, imaginative culture, and educational human asset the executives rehearses. The organization is such a major name today in view of its workers. Google representatives are known to be creative and out of the crate scholar s. The organization has set new points of reference in the field of human asset the executives and hierarchical conduct. Steady development has made Google what it is today. The organization never halted after their renowned web search tool rather they utilized their web index to begin a commercial program which helped them become considerably more. Today Google is as yet thinking of more up to date items with the goal that its name stays in the brains of the customers. It is a direct result of this methodology that Google has earned the notoriety of trailblazer in the web business. ... The organization is such a major name today as a result of its workers. Google representatives are known to be creative and out of the case masterminds. The organization has set new points of reference in the field of human asset the executives and hierarchical conduct. Consistent advancement has made Google what it is today. The organization never halted after their popular web search tool rather they utilized their internet searcher to begin an ad program which helped them become significantly more. Today Google is as yet thinking of more up to date items with the goal that its name stays in the brains of the purchasers. It is a direct result of this methodology that Google has earned the notoriety of innovator in the web business. Human Resource Management at Google The human asset the executives arrangement and practice of Google is praiseworthy. The position that Google has accomplished today on the planet is essentially because of its inventive representatives and HR approaches . Workers are given a free hand, all things considered, in the organization. Representative opportunity is one of the principle qualities of hierarchical culture at Google. The organization has a tribe culture where everybody collaborates with one another unreservedly. Treatment of representatives at Google is likewise very unique in relation to different organizations. Offices offered by Google are stunning to such an extent that each software engineering related individual on the planet needs to work in the organization. Underneath we will talk about various elements of human asset the board at Google. Occupation configuration, preparing, enlistment, determination, execution evaluation, advancement framework, pay, and general administrative style of Google will be examined in detail beneath. Employment Design Issues The primary occupations at Google are inventive in nature. Workers are required to concoct new

Mothers vs Fathers Making Parent # 1

Mothers vs Fathers Making Parent # 1? Traditionally, most societies considered a man as a breadwinner responsible for the material well-being of his family, whereas a woman performed the role of a hearth keeper in charge of the children and home. However, the situation have changed considerably in the last several decades: men now participate more actively in the upbringing process starting from being present at childs birth and finishing with some babysitting if their wives choose to pursue a career. However, many people still believe that women are better at parenting than men. One of the main concerns behind this attitude is that women usually have more housekeeping skills. But personally I believe that they are not something we are born with: women learn them, so why cannot men do the same, especially when electrical appliances have made housekeeping so much easier? Another idea, which is often referred to, is that women are gentler and kinder in nature, so a child will get more affection. However, this point seems to be only partially true. First of all, men are generally not so hard-hearted. They just do not tend to express their emotions. But their attitude to their child can still be full of love and care, which the child would undoubtedly feel. Secondly, newspapers and TV reports are abundant in stories when mothers, being addicted to drugs, treated their children in an absolutely inhuman way, which proves that love and care are actually the matter of personal features rather than a gender issue. The only real advantage women have over men as parents is the ability to breastfeed. But lets face it: if a woman does not care about a baby, she is very unlikely to breastfeed. To sum up, parenting is more a call of ones heart rather than an inherent characteristic and a gender issue. So, men can make as good parents as women.

History of the Plow - Who Invented It

When it comes to farming tools, the instruments used back in George Washingtons day were no better than those used during the time of  Julius Caesar.  In fact, some of the tools from ancient Rome—like their early plow—were superior to those that were used in America 18 centuries later. That was until the modern plow came along, of course. What Is a Plow? A plow (also spelled plough) is a farm tool with one or more heavy blades that breaks the soil and cuts a furrow (small ditch) for sowing seeds. An important piece of the plow is called a moldboard, which is a wedge formed by the curved part of a steel blade that turns the furrow. Early Plows Some of the first plows used in the United States were little more than a crooked stick with an iron point attached which simply scratched the ground. Plows of this sort were used in Illinois as late as 1812. Evidently, improvements were desperately needed, particularly a design to turn a deep furrow for planting seeds. Early attempts at improvement were often just heavy chunks of tough wood crudely cut into shape with a wrought-iron point and attached clumsily. The moldboards were rough, and no two curves were alike—at that time, country blacksmiths made plows only on order and few even had patterns for them. Additionally, plows could turn a furrow in soft ground only if the oxen or horses were strong enough, and friction was such a big problem that three men and several animals were often required to turn a furrow when the ground was hard. Who Invented the Plow? Several people contributed to the invention of the plow, with each individual contributing something unique that gradually improved the efficacy of the tool over time. Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson worked out an elaborate design for an effective moldboard.  However, he was too interested in other things besides inventing to keep working on agricultural tools, and he never attempted to patent his product. Charles Newbold and David Peacock The first real inventor of the practical plow was Charles Newbold of Burlington County, New Jersey; he received a patent for a cast-iron plow in June of 1797. However, American farmers mistrusted the plow. They believed it poisoned the soil and fostered the growth of weeds. Ten years later, in 1807, David Peacock received a plow patent and eventually procured two others. However, Newbold sued Peacock for patent infringement and recovered damages. It was the first patent infringement case involving a plow. Jethro Wood Another plow inventor was Jethro Wood, a blacksmith from Scipio, New York. He received two patents, one in 1814 and the other in 1819. His plow was cast iron and made in three parts so that a broken part could be replaced without purchasing a whole new plow. This principle of standardization marked a great advance. By this time, farmers were forgetting their former prejudices and were enticed to buy plows. Though Woods original patent was extended, patent infringements were frequent and he is said to have spent his entire fortune in prosecuting them. John Deere In 1837, John Deere developed and marketed the worlds first self-polishing cast-steel plow. These large plows made for cutting the tough American prairie ground were called grasshopper plows. William Parlin Skilled blacksmith  William Parlin of Canton, Illinois began making plows around 1842. He traveled around the country by wagon selling them. John Lane and James Oliver In 1868, John Lane patented a soft-center steel plow. The hard-but-brittle surface of the tool was backed by softer, more tenacious metal  to reduce the breakage. The same year, James Oliver—a Scottish immigrant who had settled in  Indiana—received a patent for the chilled plow. Using an ingenious method, the wearing surfaces of the casting were cooled more quickly than those of the back. The pieces which came in contact with the soil had a hard, glassy surface while the body of the plow was made of tough iron.  Oliver later founded Oliver Chilled Plow Works. Plow Advances and Farm Tractors From the single plow, advances were made to two or more plows fastened together, allowing for more work to be done with approximately the same amount of manpower (or animal-power). Another advance was the sulky plow, which allowed the plowman to ride, rather than walk. Such plows were in use as early as 1844. The next step forward was to replace animals that pulled the plows with traction engines. By 1921, farm tractors were both doing the work better and pulling more plows—50-horsepower engines could pull 16 plows, harrows, and a grain drill. Farmers could thus perform the three operations of plowing, harrowing, and planting all at the same time and cover 50 acres or more in a day. Today, plows are not used nearly as extensively as before. This is  due in large part to the popularity of minimum tillage systems designed to reduce soil erosion and conserve moisture.

Beauty Is No Longer A Personal Matter - 1202 Words

The definition of beauty is vague because beauty itself is a quite subjective matter. A certain features may be considered as beautiful to some, but not to others. It comes to a conclusion that beauty is defined by the society an individual belongs to. With the help of the mass media, a number of computer edited images are presented to the public, and these images are often promoted as â€Å"beautiful.† Many people seek to alter their appearances through surgeries, and some even become obsessed with the thought of beauty that they go through numerous surgeries in attempt to achieve the â€Å"perfect look.† These obsessive thoughts with regards to beauty can be explained through the interactionist perspective, in which shared meanings are established through the social interactions between individuals within a society. Beauty is no longer a personal matter, indeed it has become a form of judgment by other people. Every day, people are judged by their appearances, which t rigger the idea of altering the look and body to fulfill what other people consider as beauty. In fact, plastic surgery provides the perfect chance for individuals, who are not satisfied with their appearance, to make a change. Yet, it is a controversial topic because plastic surgery falls in a grey zone between necessity for victims of injuries and diseases and a cosmetic tool for those who simply do it to enhance their appearance. Plastic surgery has three major disadvantages: the medical risks, addiction, andShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Art?, And Marcel Duchamp s The Creative Act1067 Words   |  5 Pagesexplanation of art thought the combined in structure and form to express the truth and beauty of Salcedo’s work, the nonfigurative subject catches the symbolic harrowing moment of the effect of war and violence happened, also a metaphor of her culture idea and individual meaning, experience her political view to deal with female issue of the subject matter. The female shoes as the subject of this artwork do not have the beauty and cannot understand the truth at the first sign, but the form the art clearlyRead MoreBeauty vs. Brain1090 Words   |  5 Pages[Beauty vs Brain!] * In todays world, the packing is more important that the content. The cover of the book is more important the book itself. The cast of the movie attracts the audiences to theatres than the storyline. Just like that, when you meet a human being, the very first thing that you notice is the way he looks. Its very natural, nothing wrong about that. More often than not, a persons talent is ignored just because he/she happens to look .. well, plain. Be it in the professionalRead MoreBeauty Pageants Make Strong Women Essay1022 Words   |  5 Pagesarticle â€Å"Not irony: Beauty pageants make strong women† is based on the ideas of personal unrealistic thoughts and opinions. It is strictly based on only her specific experiences that were beneficial to her. Her claim, that beauty pageants make strong women is misleading in the fact that she is not clear and concise with her main ideas, she lacks ethos, logos, and pathos, and does not cover the actual act of strutting down a run way with glitz and glam. Nooruddin views on beauty pageants would beRead MoreEvaluate Beauty: Appearance or Inner Self1180 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is beauty? There are two ways you can judge beauty, by appearance (external) and inner (internal) qualities. The noticeable beauty is what is visible on the surface; it does not have as much value as the beauty that is unseen which comes from within and glows outward. Therefore, judging people by looking at their appearance is irrelevant because beauty is more than what we look like. Our experiences in life, our self-confidence and our character traits define who we really are as individualsRead MoreEffects Of Plastic Surgery On The Eye Of The Beholder1591 Words   |  7 Pages It has been stated that beauty is in the eye of the beholder. It’s also been stated that beauty is only skin deep. While each statement holds valuable substance, perhaps beauty being in the eye of the beholder holds more influence in today’s society. The obsessio n of physical beauty, according to the media, has plastic surgery on an all time high, and is more popular than ever. While plastic surgery is growing in popularity, it needs to be assessed more carefully. Social media and otherRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Traditional Understanding Of Relationships And Personal Information1557 Words   |  7 Pagestechnology has rapidly altered our traditional understanding of relationships and personal information. According to Pew Research Center â€Å"More than half of app users have uninstalled or decided to not install an app due to concerns about their personal information.† Research and statistics have shown that the concern for privacy being invaded is becoming a bigger issue. Because personal data is no longer considered â€Å"personal†, users are not able to fully comprehend the changes of a world where privacyRead MoreBeing a Muslim girl in America1079 Words   |  5 Pagesexploring their faith, religion was not limited. Along with the Bengali community I dealt with opposition from members of my school and my friends. Society had been successfully brainwashed by the media to think that there was only one version of beauty that wearing the hijab wasn’t beautiful it was oppressing. I listened to my friends and I witnessed their reactions to me in a hijab and although they supported me, they never understood the concept of hijab. Many times I am surrounded by people andRead MoreBeauty : Self Harm For Men And Women1401 Words   |  6 PagesBeauty: Self-Harm for Men and Women Aristotle once said, â€Å"Personal beauty is greater recommendation than any letter of reference.† One of the greatest philosophers recognized the importance of physical attractiveness. Although Aristotle recognized the importance of physical beauty in 300 BC, appearance is still of great significance in today’s culture. Americans idolize beauty because, over the decades, men and women have learned to use their appearance for personal advantage. As a result, the pursuitRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Sonnet 130 1048 Words   |  5 Pagesis interesting to see this change and how even though with his time period, that some men looked at women with respect and acceptance. Comparing to today’s world, Shakespeare has thought of ideas that some men still have to grasp about women’s beauty. Today, some men still think that women need to live up to certain values and they have to look a certain way in order to be loved. This does not apply to everyone, but there are still the few men that think they have a power to throw upon theseRead MoreThe Media Images Of Beauty1665 Words   |  7 PagesThe modern beauty standard has become an increasingly important issue because people have the freedom to decide, but the media largely influenced these choices on about beauty standard. Our advance of technology helps communicate with each other, but people are not fully aware of the influence of media. That is a major problem. The media broadcast images of beauty to control people consciously. Technological advance helps people to reach the information quickly and cumulatively, but media not always

Satire Of Gullivers Travels Essay Example For Students

Satire Of Gullivers Travels Essay In Gullivers Travels, Jonathan Swift makes a satirical attack on humanity. In the final book, Swift takes a stab at humanity by simultaneously criticizing physiological, mental, and spiritual aspects of humans. Literary critics Ronald Knowles and Irvin Ehrenpreis both agree that the last book focused entirely on satirizing humanity. The Yahoo brutes that inhabit Houyhnhnm Land are a despicable species that have the physical appearance of humans. Though their behavior seems to be decadent and irrational, Swift shows that most of their behavior have parallels in the life of civilized humans. The Houyhnhnms seem to embody virtue and all the perfections that humans seek, but there are inconsistencies in their behavior that are reflective human faults. The Houyhnhnms do not look human in appearance, so Swift uses them to reveal hypocrisies of human thought. Throughout the book, Swift makes attacks on the religious perception of man; He also expresses disagreement with deist ideology. Ehre npreis and Knowles have very similar opinions concerning Book IV of Gullivers Travels, but Knowles expresses a more concrete interpretation of the satire. According to Ehrenpreis, Swift lived in John Lockes time, and takes many ideas of humanity from him. Locke said that humans tend to classify species as man by their physical appearance. If there was a man without reason, he would be a dull irrational man, and if there was an animal could express reason, they would be an intelligent and rational animal. To Ehrenpreis, the Yahoos embody an ironical reflection upon the fact that the bulk of unthinking men do in practice treat external shape as a sounder guide to humanity than reasonable conduct. Besides being more primitive than humans, Yahoos behave and function like civilized humans. Knowles points out that Yahoos fight with other groups and each other without apparent reason. Their avarice for certain shiny stones of no practical use lead to more fighting and theft. In more contemporary or civilized societies, those shiny stones can be paralleled to material possessions such as jewelry. Knowles observes that like humans, Yahoos suck the juice from a particular root that produces the same affect as alcohol. Similar to many humans, the Yahoos consumed the juices without temperance. Ehrenpreis thinks that Swift uses the Yahoos to as an example of Lockes suggestion that humans are more easily identified by vice than virtue. The Houyhnhnms seem to be reasonable, rational characters. They also seem to embody good virtues that humans strive to achieve. Ehrenpreis and Knowles both find inconsistencies in the depiction of Houyhnhnms. Ehrenpreis believes that the paradoxes in the writing are supposed to reflect paradoxes of human thought. When Gulliver first meets the inhabitants of Houyhnhnm Land, they are curious about the covering on his body. The Houyhnhnms are surprised when they first see him take off his hat; It is a reasonable and natural reaction since the Houyhnhnms do not wear clothing. Ehrenpreis argues that repeated occurrences show that Houyhnhnm thought revolves around being a horse. He thinks that is reflective of the anthropocentricity of humans. An example of the anthropocentricity of humans is the attempt to communicate with babies. A newborn does not know any human languages, but adults often assume that the baby is trying to talk to them when they make meaningless noises. Knowles thinks t hat the Houyhnhnms are not ideal characters, but reflections of humans. If the whinny, neighing like sounds are eliminated from Houyhnhnm, the word Hounum is a jumbled pronunciation of human. According to Knowles, the Houyhnhnm society implies that their beliefs ore founded on self-deception. The limits of my language mean the limits of my world. The Houyhnhnm language did not have negative words like war, deceit, and evil. By the quote above, Ludwig Wittgenstein suggests that Houyhnhnms could not have a true sense of good if they did not know what evil was. The Houyhnhnms also embody a sense of arrogance and bias that exists in humans. Their only sense of evil is in terms of the Yahoos. That is reflective of some governing institutions that blame others as the source of corruption and evil. Historically, groups like gypsies, Armenians, and Jews have fallen under that category of scapegoats. When the Houyhnhnms observe Gulliver, they immediately classify him as a Yahoo. By doing so, they do not act as rational creatures because they ignore the great number of differences and only observe superficial similarities. The idea of not being able to understand good without understanding evil can be explained in religious terms as well. .uf8a130240af89bd3ad7712166bf3da16 , .uf8a130240af89bd3ad7712166bf3da16 .postImageUrl , .uf8a130240af89bd3ad7712166bf3da16 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf8a130240af89bd3ad7712166bf3da16 , .uf8a130240af89bd3ad7712166bf3da16:hover , .uf8a130240af89bd3ad7712166bf3da16:visited , .uf8a130240af89bd3ad7712166bf3da16:active { border:0!important; } .uf8a130240af89bd3ad7712166bf3da16 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf8a130240af89bd3ad7712166bf3da16 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf8a130240af89bd3ad7712166bf3da16:active , .uf8a130240af89bd3ad7712166bf3da16:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf8a130240af89bd3ad7712166bf3da16 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf8a130240af89bd3ad7712166bf3da16 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf8a130240af89bd3ad7712166bf3da16 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf8a130240af89bd3ad7712166bf3da16 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf8a130240af89bd3ad7712166bf3da16:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf8a130240af89bd3ad7712166bf3da16 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf8a130240af89bd3ad7712166bf3da16 .uf8a130240af89bd3ad7712166bf3da16-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf8a130240af89bd3ad7712166bf3da16:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Brave New World And The Giver: Similar Yet Differe EssayThroughout Book IV, there are many links to Christian ideas. Ehrenpreis thinks that Swifts writing plays off a debate between Locke and Stillingfleet over the definition of man. Stillingfleet uses a Trinitarian argument that defines man as a creature that enjoys a special subsistence. This definition is not practical because the special subsistence is not defined. Locke defines it as that faculty, whereby man is supposed to be distinguished from beasts, and wherein it is evident he much surpasses them. It seems that Swift does not support either argument, because the physical subsistence of man is embodied in irration al creatures, while the intellectual subsistence is embodied in a rational beast. Knowles shows that by giving a beast reason, Swift can point out the fallibility of Deist thought. Anthony Collins wrote, whosoever live by reason are Christians. Since the Houyhnhnms live by reason, then it can be implied that they are Christians. The ending of Book IV is another attack on Deist thought. The Deists thought that every Man is bound to follow the Rules and Directions of that Measure of Reason which God hath given him It is the mistake of wise and good men that they expect more Reason and Virtue from human nature, than taking it in the bulk, it is in any sort capable of. When Gulliver returned to England, he measures humans by Houyhnhnm standards of reason and virtue, and becomes disappointed because he expects Yahoo brutalism. Ehrenpreis has a different interpretation of the ending. He believes that the kind of influence the Houyhnhnms ideal virtues had on Gulliver is similar to the stri ct and perfect obedience to Christian ideals as would have been done in eighteenth century society. So Swift is saying, if men did practice Christianity in such a manner, they would destroy civilization as they knew it, in the same way Gulliver destroyed his family. Jonathan Swift uses a lot of satire in writing Gullivers Travels. Some of the satire is blunt and apparent. The Yahoos, with their exact likeness to humans in form, conveyed the degenerative nature of humans without civilization. At the same time, their presence also brings about the realization that even under the guise of civilization, humans are corrupt and decadent. The use of the ideal Houyhnhnms is deceiving. The apparent reason for using reasonable animals is to make the human-like Yahoos seem more irrational. From literary criticisms by Knowles and Ehrenpreis, it seems like the Houyhnhnms were used as objects of satire. What was not apparent, but pointed out by both critics was the fact that inconsistencies in the Houyhnhnm character are reflective of paradoxes in human thought. The only support Ehrenpreis gave was the parallel between the hippocentricity of the Houyhnhnms and the anthropocentricity of humans. Knowles used many examples from the book to support his ideas. The most subtle criticisms were made on religion. Ehrenpreis explanations mostly used supporting evidence from Locke. He used an argument against Trinitarianism and another on Christianity in general. Knowles explanation of the religious satire seemed more plausible because it was focused on Deism. He used works from many authors to first convey Deist ideals, then from examples in the book, tried to show the paradoxes. English Essays

The main principles of development and learning by Vygotsky

As indicated in the study by Tajmel and Starl (2009), Vygotsky can be considered the leading, most progressive representative, and the greatest supporter of the social constructivism theories and concepts. â€Å"Two important concepts for Vygotsky are thought and language† (Tajmel Starl, 2009, p. 181).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The main principles of development and learning by Vygotsky specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This means that the child begins to understand the meaning of cultural patterns he/she encounters in the process of using language and thinking about the events that happen around with regard to the language patterns and situations in society. From Vygotsky’s perspectives, the learning and development are reviewed in the context of social learning and can be understood with the help of the language acquisition paradigms. The abbreviation ZPD refers to zone of proximal deve lopment explained by Vygotsky through the relationship between the actual level of development and potential level of development in the process of problem solving based on adult guidance or â€Å"in collaboration with more capable peers† (Tajmel Starl, 2009, p. 181). In other words, the zone of approximate development can be found out when a student is assessed comparing to other students of the same age and similar skills. The main principles of development and learning indicated by Vygotsky include scaffolding, social environments, and collaboration between a teacher and students or guidelines as the method to advance learning. In terms of Vygotsky’s concept, Pinter (2006) claims that all pupil’s learning take place through conversations with social interactions introducing a perfect theory for theme-based learning because the themes suggest social context in which different language patterns occur. Scaffolding is regarded as one of the major roles of a teac her in class with regard to the constructivist theory of education used for language acquisition instruction (Jonassen, 1999).Advertising Looking for assessment on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the scaffolding is viewed as the method which changes the support level the teacher provides to mentor students. In the lesson plan, interaction patterns clearly illustrate how pupils and teacher work together. Collaboration between students and teacher is regarded as one of the integral parts of educational activity in terms of constructivism theory where a teacher should mentor students in a democratic manner (Jonassen, 1999). Vygotsky (1978) believes that the knowledge is gained through practical implementation of certain theory. In other words, experience is the main way to learn something. This constructivist approach suggest a good background for the theme-based learning activities because students can le arn new concepts (in this case, students acquire a foreign language and learn new vocabulary units and language patterns) through some hypothetical situations. The study by Piaget and Inhelder (1969) also reviews the knowledge acquisition as the practical activity that takes place in specific learning environments. The advantages of pair work and group work were discussed in different studies (Doff, 1988; Martine, n. d.). As such, Doff (1988) claims that more active involvement and higher level of interest are the main advantages of using group work and pair work (p. 140) while Martine (n. d.) lists such advantages as â€Å"more secure and positive classroom atmosphere† and â€Å"increase [of] students’ talking time† (p. 35). At the same time, the role of a teacher in class may shift from guiding and assessing to scaffolding which is the basic role suggested for constructive development learning classes. The impact of such theorists as Vygotsky (1962), Bruner (1 966), Piaget(1967), and Garner(1983) on childhood education is enormous because each of these researchers contributed to understanding of applicable patterns to facilitate and advance effectiveness of learning.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The main principles of development and learning by Vygotsky specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bruner (1966) outlined the basic principles of education where one of the major roles belongs to conceptualisation of objects. In other words, all activities should be conceptualising according to Bruner. In the light of Vygotsky’s concept, Bruner’s model of representation can be considered the one introduced in the lesson plan discussed because action-based learning includes role-playing and games whereas image-based learning includes pictures and visual images; at the same time, the lesson plan uses symbolic/language representation in the activities because lear ners try to associate the words in the foreign language with certain symbols and words in the native language. The concept of scaffolding for lesson plans was discussed by Bruner and other researchers (Wood, Bruner, Ross, 1976). The lesson plan includes basic format and routines whereas warming up activities are regarded as routines because they are essential and cannot be excluded from the plan; at the same time, basic format includes a number of activities that can be either addressed or not during the lesson. Piaget’s perspectives are largely based on the theories by Vygotsky and are similar to those. The study by Sigelman and Rider (2011) focuses on the four stages of cognitive development suggested by Jean Piaget because he saw the cognitive development process as the way people adapt to the social environment. As such, the four stages of development include the following periods and typical tasks children can accomplish: sensorimotor (from birth to approximately 2 yea rs) is characterised by senses in combination with motor actions used by children to learn the world; preoperational (from 2 to 7 years) when symbolic meanings are addressed regardless of lack of logical thinking to build the patterns; concrete operations (from 7 to 11 years) characterised by acquisition of logical operations used for knowledge acquisition and data processing and evaluation with regard to reference to the real world problems and solutions; formal operations (from 11 years to older) when hypothetical and abstract concepts/problems are suggested to be solved (Piaget, 1977; Sigelman Rider, 2011, p. 49). Different levels of development and problems related to their recognition were also reviewed in the studies by Patterson (2008) and Erikson (1968). According to Piaget, pupils in this class are at concrete operational stage. At this stage, children are able to fulfil assignments that are based on concrete instructions as opposed to the abstract tasks where hypothetica l or abstract situations are suggested and abstract solutions should be found to abstract problems. In this respect, the children of 7-11 years old can accomplish the task where every stage is understandable and clear.Advertising Looking for assessment on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Criticism of Piaget’s thought includes the ideas about limit of the levels and concepts applied. â€Å"The developmental theory of Jean Piaget has been criticized on the grounds that it is conceptually limited, empirically false, or philosophically and epistemologically untenable† (Lourenco Machado, 1996, p. 143). Nevertheless, Piaget’s thoughts are helpful for teachers to select appropriate tasks and activities for students from different age groups and help them develop certain skills. Gardner’s perspective is largely based on the theories existing before in education though the major contribution of this author is the variety of intelligences that were believed to be developed through experience. Four learning styles listed by Reid (1987) introduce the differences in preferences of learning activities chosen by native speakers and foreign language learners to facilitate the process of choosing the most appropriate activities for the lesson plan. In th e lesson plan, activities are designed in different ways to fit different pupils. Cameron (2001) addressed theme-based teaching and included visualisation as one of the main factors of effective learning. Studies by R. Dunn (1983, 1984) and Reinert (1976) identify the major four learning channels of students. In this respect, the current lesson plan s based on the theories aimed at making the learning more effective. Evaluation As there is not perfect lesson plan, every plan designed with regard to certain theories and aimed to meet the needs of certain categories of students, is sure to have some advantages as well as disadvantages. In this respect, the current lesson plan is designed for students aged 9-11 who acquire foreign language in Taiwan with the help of learning activities created using theme-based learning. Advantages The main advantages of the current lesson plan include variety of materials used by the teacher to foster the discussion in class. Besides, every student ma y be interested in various activities which mean that the same activity for the entire period of the lesson would not be appropriate for the language acquisition class. In this respect, the variety of materials such as various games, description of pictures, story-telling, storybook reading, and role-playing contribute greatly to the effectiveness of comprehension of the taught materials and effective acquisition of the foreign language. The analysis of games may be carried out with regard to appropriateness or inappropriateness of this type f activity to language acquisition lessons. According to the study by Tough (2009), Vygotsky advocated the appropriateness of using playing games because it contributed greatly to the development of children. Pictures can be used in a lesson so that students can describe them using their inner speech patterns first and them applying the inner text into the spoken words (Santrock, 2001). In this respect, the pictures used for learning activities are aimed at serving as preparation models for students to formulate what they want to say with the help of their inner speech and then represent their descriptions of pictures. This can sometimes be difficult for foreign language learners because they may formulate their inner speech in their mother tongue whereas the oral descriptions are made in the foreign language. On the other hand, this activity would help students to use the foreign language for their inner speech as one of the main principles and tools for foreign language acquisition because students are taught to think in foreign language. Storybook reading and role-playing appear to be of special importance for the lessons aimed at mentoring students aged 9-11 years old because children have to be interested in the learning process and take active part in the process. Pictures can motivate learners and bring fun to learning due to the age of participants. Games can bring motivation to young learners as well as bright pic tures used for guiding the learners. In the lesson plan, teacher will introduce a story to the whole class while every pupil may have a specific perception of the characters and events presented in the story. A teacher may ask several comprehension questions from the storybook in order to assess the understanding of the text and the events including the relationship between different objects/concepts outlined in the story. Group work as well as work in pairs can be encourage for pupils because they may feel confused when asked to talk independently but contribute greatly to collective projects. The role-playing may be challenging and encouraging for students at the same time because they are asked to select a role and act it out using specific behavioural patterns typical of the subjects that are chosen for role-playing. As such, different social roles as well as professions, family relations, and other interrelations may be taught with the help of role-playing for foreign language learners. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of this lesson plan based on constructive development theory. Disadvantages The main disadvantage of the current lesson plan is that students mostly use foreign language in class whereas they should have more opportunities in real life environment to apply their knowledge skills in practice. On the other hand, the current lesson plan can be considered a good method to overcome this disadvantage because the teacher may include more different topics related to everyday life into the lesson plans in order to develop students’ knowledge of language units and patterns that can be applied to various situations. To evaluate a language programme, many aspects have to be taken into consideration. If a teacher plans to include student’s evaluation with regard to the results of observations, certain assessment criteria and standards should be previously established. Reflection The current lesson plan seems to be structured in accordance with the theories and principles suggested by such theorist of constructive development models for learning as Vygotsky, Piaget, Bruner, and Gardner. All these researchers contributed greatly to the establishment of specific principles that can be used in class. As such, the lesson plan includes playing as one of the ways to develop a child while inner speech patterns are taken into account in the activities aimed at requiring answers to some questions: Students are asked to answer the question and they start formulating the answers by applying the inner speech patterns to the oral presentation. In this respect, the current lesson plan suggests a set of theme-based learning activities in order to involve the learners into acquisition of language patterns used in different social environments. At the same time, the activity has such disadvantage as the fact that learners do not use foreign language in everyday life when they rather use their mother tongue. Future Plans The future plans for the theme-based learning activities include a number of detailed sets that would reflect the everyday life of learners so that they could associate the topics taught in class with some patterns and concepts encountered at home and while communicating with friends outside the class. In other words, the class activities should aim to reflect the needs and interests, preferences and concerns of students they experience outside the class. As such, feelings and emotions as well as fears and concerns should be addressed during foreign language acquisition classes so that students could communicate effectively in foreign language. In addition, different types of activities should be included in order to cover all types of memory and perception of students. Reference List Bruner, J., 1966. Toward a theory of instruction. Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press. Cameron, L., 2006. Picture this: My Lesson. How LAMS is being used with pre-service teachers to develop effecti ve classroom activities. Proceedings of the First International LAMS, pp. 25-34. Available at: https://www.lamsfoundation.org/lams2006/pdfs/Cameron_LAMS06.pdf . Doff, Adrian, 1988. Teach English: a training course for teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dunn, R., 1983. Learning style and its relation to exceptionality at both ends of the spectrum. Exceptional Children, 49, pp. 496-506. Dunn, R., 1984. Learning style: state of the scene. Theory into Practice, 23, pp. 10-19. Erikson, E., 1968. Identity, youth, and crisis. New York: Norton. Jonassen, D. H., 1999. Constructing learning environments on the web: Engaging students in meaningful learning. EdTech 99: Educational Technology Conference and Exhibition 1999: Thinking Schools, Learning Nation. Lourenco, O., Machado, A., 1996. In defence of Piaget’s theory: a reply to ten common criticisms. Psychological Review 103 (1), pp. 143–164. Martine, Linda, n. d. The advantages and disadvantages of using small g roup and pair work in the classroom, pp. 35-39. Web. Patterson, C., 2008. Child development. New York: McGraw-Hill. Piaget, J. Inhelder, B., 1969. The psychology of the child. New York: Basic Books, Inc. Piaget, J., 1977. Edited by H. E. Gruber J. J. Voneche. The essential Piaget. New York: Basic Books. Reid, J. M., 1987. The learning style preferences of ESL students. TESOL Quarterly, 21 (1), pp. 87-111. Reinert, H., 1976. One picture is worth a thousand words? Not necessarily. Modern Language Journal, 60, pp. 160-168. Santrock, J., 2001. A topical approach to life-span development. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Sigelman, C. K., Rider, E. A., 2011. Life-span human development. 7th ed. London: Cengage Learning. Tajmel, T., Starl, K., eds., 2009. Science education unlimited: approaches to equal opportunities in learning science. Berlin: Waxmann Verlag. Tough, S. P., 2009. Can the right kinds of play teach self-control? New York Times, 2009/09/27 (reviewing the â€Å"Tools of the Mi nd† curriculum based on Vygotsky’s research). Vygotsky, L. S., 1978. Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge: MA, Harvard University Press. Wood, D., Bruner, J., Ross, G., 1976. The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17, pp. 89-100. This assessment on The main principles of development and learning by Vygotsky was written and submitted by user Kristen W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Wright and Dostoevsky essays

Wright and Dostoevsky essays Both Fyodor Dostoyevsky, in Crime and Punishment and Richard Wright, in Native Son look to men who have been pushed beyond reason into murder, and both authors ask us what justice means in such a context. The answers that the authors provide are quite different - which should hardly be surprising since both authors suggest that ideas of justice must reflect the local realities of life in a given place and time and the settings for each of the novels is dramatically different. But the answers that each provides are also strikingly open-ended: We must ourselves decide in the end what justice was granted and what denied to Both novels ask us to decide for ourselves what moral action is possible in a society in which justice is scarce, and our answer to that question in large measure will reflect our own experiences of how justice A Man With No Place To Go Wright's novel - arguably one of the most influential American books of the 20th century - relates the story of Bigger Thomas, a man who had never had a fair chance in life because of the racism he faces as an African-American. We see him traveling downward through society and we can predict that his actions will lead him (as in fact they do) to crime and punishment. As a young black man in a decade (the 1930s) and a place (Chicago) that sees him as only being of possible use as a slightly more intelligent than average beast of burden) he is trapped and made desperate by a future in which the walls will continue to close in on him. His desperation, and his anger (as well as his underlying personality) lead him to the edge of violence and then push him over and he murders a young white woman. From this moment on he cannot hope to find any help, any hope, in a society that already had very little use He is abandon...